In this episode we explore some new theories of obesity and the croissant diet with Brad Marshall. His background is in molecular biology, food history, a stint at the culinary institute and butchering which gives him a unique perspective and the ability to decipher complex scientific concepts about how our bodies process fats and store energy. Brad posits the reason we get fat is mitochondrial dysfunction from too much polyunsaturated fat in the diet. He has been testing this theory on himself and others in the biohacking community.

Watch the interview on You Tube

CONNECT WITH CHERYL

Website: https://healnourishgrow.com

Drinking Ketones: https://hng.shopketo.com

Get Notified About the Fat Loss Book: https://heal-nourish-grow-llc.ck.page/ad0a682866

Show Notes: https://healnourishgrow.com/podcastepisodes

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/healnourishgrow

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/healnourishgrow

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/healnourishgrow

Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/HealNourishGrow

TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@healnourishgrow

Dry Farm Wines: https://www.dryfarmwines.com/healnourishgrow

Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/healnourishgrow

Links to All of My Favorite Products With Discounts: https://healnourishgrow.com/shop

CONNECT WITH BRAD

Instagram: https://instagram.com/fireinabottle

Web: https://fireinabottle.net

Low PUFA Pork: https://firebrandmeats.com

Twitter: https://twitter.com/fireinabottle

Cheryl McColgan: Thanks everyone for joining us today. I have Brad Marshall, who, as you heard in his bio, is a very much a Renaissance man. So welcome, Brad. How are you doing?

Brad Marshall: Thank you. Thanks for having me.

Cheryl McColgan: Yeah. So you have been making the rounds lately because you have this diet. You sort of created the somewhat controversial, but I love the name of it, ’cause I’ve always been a big fan of French food, and that is The Croissant Diet. So maybe you could tell us a little bit about your background, how you came to start experimenting with this stuff and how you got interested in The Croissant Diet part.

The Croissant Diet and French Paradox

Brad Marshall: Sure. And so my… Well, my background dietarily is I’ve been keto a lot of my life, but I also went to the French Culinary Institute back in the late ’90s, I guess, in New York City. And so, as I’ve been a keto adult, and knowing that that works and seeing that it helps people, I’ve had to struggle knowing that at the same time, the traditional French diet where they’re combining starch with butter, seems to be keeping people thin as well. And I’m a food historian, and I love looking at the dietary history of people in New York State who were mostly dairy farmers back in the day. And looking at people in New York City, even into the ’50s and ’60s, when you look at those old photos, you can see that everybody is… Almost everyone is universally slim. And not even that they’re not fat, but they’re really skinny. And you can look at menus of the day and food trends and USDA data, and everyone was combining starch and butter and meat and potatoes, and they stay lean. And then something changed and people started to get fat. And so my thought is that, what changed?

Disclaimer: Links may contain affiliate links, which means we may get paid a commission at no additional cost to you if you purchase through this page. Read our full disclosure here.

Brad Marshall: And so I started reading the blog Hyperlipid. I gained weight, I was working, I wasn’t… I was working a lot, running a farm and a butcher shop, and I wasn’t paying very close attention to my diet ’cause I was overwhelmed and I was eating restaurant food and whatever, so I gained weight. And I wanted to turn it around, so I went back and started reading Hyperlipid again. I also have a genetic molecular biology degree, really, from Cornell so I understand a lot of the science of it. And so I was reading his blog, and his blog is really dense and there’s a lot of vocabulary that you have to learn to really get into it. And so, anyway, I kind of… He talks a lot about the effects of saturated fats in the mitochondria, how they generate reactive oxygen species, and reactive oxygen species have a number of effects including limiting insulin signalling. So the idea is that insulin causes you to store energy, to store fat. And so if you’re eating a diet that’s very high in saturated fat specifically, your fat cells actually become a little bit insulin-resistant and this is a reversible short-term insulin resistance that he calls physiological insulin resistance, and that that actually will limit the amount of fat that the fat cells will take up.

Stearic Acid and Fat Burning

Brad Marshall: And in the same time, I found there’s some interesting papers in both rodents and in humans showing that stearic acid specifically has this metabolic effect. The paper that everybody loves, I call it the banana milkshake paper. But they took people, they put them on a low fat vegan diet for two days, and then they took a blood sample and stained their white blood cells and it showed that their mitochondria were actually fragmented, they were very small. And then they gave them this milkshake, which has somewhere around 25 grams of stearic acid in it, and within six hours, again, they drew blood and showed with staining that their mitochondria grow into this fused network of… They actually all… The mitochondria themselves fuse and grow into these chains. And in that state, they’re doing a lot more fat oxidation. And so, anyway, there’s a study that was done by a grad student and she was feeding starch and stearic acid to mice and those mice got really thin. And so given my background in French [0:05:01.0] ____, saturated fat and starch together, that’s like a French recipe, that’s like a croissant or something, right.

Brad Marshall: And so that’s when… That was sort of the eureka moment that I had thinking about the French diet and these mice eating flour and stearic acid and the difference between that diet and what Americans eat, which is flour or starch with vegetable oil, and thinking about mitochondrial dynamics and insulin and all these things, I was like, “This… ” It all kinda just came together, right. And that’s when I decided to try in making these very high stearic acid croissants, which led me to…

Cheryl McColgan: Which is absolutely brilliant by the way. I don’t know if you know that, but it is. And just to backtrack one second for people that… Just in case this is the first time they’re hearing from you or hearing more about the science back stuff. I love all this stuff, but basically… The basic way for a lay person to understand mitochondria is the cellular powerhouse, it’s what generates energy. Would that be fair?

Brad Marshall: Absolutely, absolutely. And so what happens in the mitochondria is, that’s where we’re literally oxidizing the fuels that we eat, which might be starch or might be fat. And there’s a system within the mitochondria that they can switch back and forth from burning either carbohydrates or fats, and they can do that pretty quickly. And so one of the things I say about the stearic acid is it turns on fat-burning mode, and that’s why… In response to the stearic acid, that’s why the mitochondria fuse and they actually switch over to the part of the cycle where they’re burning fat as opposed to carbohydrate. So even though I’m combining some starch into the croissants, they’re actually…

Brad Marshall: They’re probably only… By the time, I was actually eating croissant sandwiches, so I was adding ham and cheese to the croissant, which was already very high in fat. So it’s probably only 20% carbohydrate in the meal even though it’s a croissant sandwich, which… So it’s really a low carb meal, which probably is counter-intuitive to lots of people when they think about croissants but…

Cheryl McColgan: Well, if you actually have ever seen how they’re made you might understand that more. Because if they’re made really well, they do have a very high fat content and a lot of air. So a croissant that looks rather large is actually… I don’t know, it’s probably what, 50% air or something like that…

Brad Marshall: Probably. Yeah, absolutely.

Cheryl McColgan: If you do it really well. So anyway, so that’s a side note. But… So you had been working really hard and, luckily, you have this background in both food and science. And so you were working really hard, were stressed, you had noticed you were putting on a little weight, and then you have this eureka moment with The Croissant Diet. So before we caught on this more formal conversation, you were saying that you had done some experiments on your… Additional experiments, maybe, on yourself from when you first discovered this. So I’d love to hear more about what you discovered and what you’re thinking with this iteration of your new diet.

SCD1 Theory of Obesity

Brad Marshall: Sure. So I published in the fall, the fall of 2020, a series of articles called The SCD1 Theory of Obesity. And one of the things that I discovered while researching stearic acid, etcetera, was that there’s a gene called SCD1, which stands for Stearoyl-Coenzyme A Desaturase… Doesn’t matter. But it’s only job is to take stearic acid, which is a saturated fat, and it removes a couple hydrogens from it and it introduces a double bond. And when that happens, it becomes oleic acid, which is the dominant component of olive oil. So the only thing this enzyme does is it takes stearic acid, which is found naturally in sources like chocolate or cocoa butter, it’s found in beef suet, which is beef kidney… It’s found in all foods to some extent. But the things that are really high in it are beef suet, chocolate or cocoa butter and a couple of other things. And so the only function of this enzyme is literally to just convert stearic acid to oleic acid, which is in olive oil, avocados and foods like that, and so it doesn’t sound like a very dramatic effect. But, in fact, it turns out there was a lab that did a really interesting set of experiments in really between around 2002 and 2012, showing that this enzyme is really this master metabolic regulator, and by introducing that double bond, it has all of these metabolic effects.

Brad Marshall: It basically causes… Anything that you produce a lot of this enzyme in and when I say anything, it could be like a heart, a human heart cell, or it could be like a C elegans worm, this tiny worm, or… Anyway, if you make too much of this SCD1, they will store a bunch of fat, and if you prevent them from making SCD1, they will lose fat. So SCD1 is this master… And they had these mice that were… They didn’t have leptin receptors. So these mice become very obese… Leptin is a hormone made by your fat cells and it controls a couple of different things. It controls [0:11:03.8] ____ hypothalamus, but it also turns out that it regulates the expression of SCD1. And so if you have mice that don’t have left in them, they get very fat. But if they also don’t have the SCD1 gene, they become lean again. So you can actually override the effects of leptin… Leptin turns off SCD1 in natural systems. And so a lot of people now are leptin-deficient or… No, we have lots of leptin. Sorry, we’re leptin-resistant so we’re not responding to leptin in the ways that we should. And so… But if you get rid of the SCD1, you start behaving as if you are… You have leptin and it’s working effectively and your metabolic rate goes up.

Brad Marshall: And so I did a blood test to see… You can actually test in an indirect way how much SCD1 you’re making by a blood test that compares the ratio of your stearic acid to your oleic acid in your blood cell membranes. Because if you’re making a lot of enzyme, then your stearic acid is getting converted to oleic acid, right. And so if you have a lot of oleic acid and very little stearic acid, you probably make a lot of this SCD1. So I did the blood test and, sure enough, even though I have been avoiding vegetable oils and I’ve been avoiding polyunsaturated fats, and those levels were low, and I had been eating a lot of stearic acid, my body wasn’t holding on to the stearic acid, it was converting it all to oleic acid. And I’ve struggled with obesity my whole life, which is why I’ve been doing keto on and off since… For 20 years now. And so that’s when I realized this is… I have this metabolic problem that my body is over-producing this SCD1, and what leptin is supposed to do is it’s supposed to…

Brad Marshall: It is supposed to lead to a process called thermogenesis, which just means making heat. So the way that your body controls… Is supposed to control the level of obesity is when you get fat, your fat cells make leptin, so your leptin levels go up. The leptin increases the amount of fat being shuttled into your mitochondria and it down-regulates SCD1, which is to say that the fat going into the mitochondria is more saturated and more of it is entering quicker.

Brad Marshall: And when that happens, the effect is you make a whole bunch of these reactive oxygen species, which are free radicals, which is a scary word but it’s okay. This is… We have systems to deal with it, this is normal human physiology. In response to that happening, the mitochondria makes something called uncoupling protein and… I don’t have too far in the weeds on this, but the ultimate action of uncoupling protein is that your calories are simply burned off as heat rather than being stored, and that’s what’s supposed to happen. If you’re… If you have a lot of leptin that’s the signal to your body that you’re getting very fat, and so the leptin says, “Okay, we’ll saturate the fat, send it to the mitochondria, that’s gonna allows us to uncouple and do thermogenesis and safely burn off the calories.” Right? That’s how it’s supposed to work. So my argument is that, “Okay, so what happened between 1960 and now?” Well, it turns out that if you have too many of the polyunsaturated fats, they don’t generate the same amount of reactive oxygen species, they limit you from doing thermogenesis, your body temperature drops, and you’re unable to burn off the calories in response to leptin. I actually just wrote…

Cheryl McColgan: I’m so glad you gave the real explanation there because the way I’ve been explaining it… ‘Cause I’ve been talking about this quite a bit on social media after hearing you and Paul talk about it, and Peter and a couple of other people. And I describe it as, the polyunsaturates they muck up your system and don’t allow you to easily reduce or release fat. Is that accurate in a lay person’s wording?

How PUFA Affects the Mitochondria

Brad Marshall: Yes. I would say in my… My understanding has evolved even since I went and talked with Paul Saladino but… So what I’m seeing… So I just wrote an article which I think is really interesting. It’s called “This is Your Body Temperature on Vegetable Oil”, and there was an article that came out just last year… So there’s a well-documented tribe in the Amazon, I’m pretty sure it’s Bolivia, and they were basically eating… They were eating a lot of starch. Starch is interesting because if your metabolism is in good shape and you’re not producing a lot of SCD1, and you’re eating almost all starch, your stored body fat is very saturated. And so this tribe in the Bolivia was eating plantain and…

Cheryl McColgan: Cassava or something.

Brad Marshall: There’s another root vegetable that’s eaten a lot in the tropics. It’s name isn’t common to me but…

Cheryl McColgan: Taro?

Brad Marshall: Yeah, I think so.

Cheryl McColgan: Anyway, something like that.

Brad Marshall: Yeah. And so, anyway, they were living on that. They had a normal body temperature of 98.6 in 2002 to 2004, as documented by a new medical station that was built there, right? So they took everybody’s body temperature, everybody was 98.6. Great. Well, by… Too recently, within the last five years, everyone’s body temperature in that tribe dropped to 97.7. So they lost an entire degree of body temperature in the last 20 years and nobody really knows why. And the only thing that changed on the island was… Or, on the island, was they built a store so that they could buy food from… They could buy industrial food basically, which is to say food that contains vegetable oil. And so I think that… I put another study on there in mice showing that mice eating starch have a high body temperature even when challenged with cold external temperature. But mice eating starch and margarine, vegetable oil, they cannot keep their body temperature high when it gets cold. They get cold very quickly. They’re unable to do this thermogenesis and this mitochondrial uncoupling.

Brad Marshall: And so, basically, what I’m arguing, if we distill it down, is that to make… In most Americans, industrial body temperatures have also dropped by about the same amount. The tribe in Bolivia now has the same body temperature as the average citizen of Great Britain according to another article that came out in the last year. So body temperatures have dropped around the world, we know that. I think it’s because of the polyunsaturated fats don’t allow us to drive the ROS which doesn’t allow us to do thermogenesis, which is to say just simply burning off our calories.

Cheryl McColgan: Interesting. How long… Just as a tease, myself as an example, and I wonder how long this would take. So I’ve been low carb for five years, keto for four. And I do pretty clean, I don’t do any intentional poofas. I do go out to eat on occasion though so I’d know almost…

Brad Marshall: Sure.

Cheryl McColgan: With unidentifiable fact that I have gotten some at some point. But, for the most part, I’m… And I’ve certainly added beef tallow into my diet for the stearic acid most recently. But I have observed that my body temperature… Especially since now everybody takes your temperature everywhere you go, right? But my body temperature is always quite low, maybe even 96 point something, and part of that might be my age getting a little older and all that. But I’m just curious because of your new revelation…

Brad Marshall: I think the forehead reading is probably…

Cheryl McColgan: That’s good.

Brad Marshall: A little bit lower than if you did it with a… An actual under the tongue thermometer.

Cheryl McColgan: Well, even under the tongue, though, mine does tend to be low, so I’m just curious, as…

Brad Marshall: My whole adult life, my body temperature was low. And so here’s… I’ll finish my story in my experiment. And so I became super rabid about avoiding all polyunsaturated fat in the… January of 2019, I guess, it would have been. And so I’ve now been really avoiding them for about two years, and I’ve done… I have this blood test that I suggest on my blog, there’s a link to it from my article, The SCD Theory of Obesity Part Two, I believe. There’s other people’s results on there but it’s in Omega quant tests. And so I’ve showed that my… At least in my red blood cells membranes, the level of polyunsaturated that I have now is well below the range of 99% of Americans. So that was a cool affirmation of that, but yet my body temperature was still low, and I could see on that same test, like I say, I was not storing a lot of stearic acid, my body was converting it all to oleic acid. And so I got a hold of some of this sterculic oil, which inhibits the SCD1 enzyme, the thing that is un-saturating all of your fat and preventing you from doing the thermogenesis.

Brad Marshall: And so I took that over two months and there was a remarkable change in my body fat composition. It went from being… The amount of stearic acid that I had almost doubled and the amount of oleic acid went down by, I don’t know, 30% or something.

Cheryl McColgan: Wow.

Brad Marshall: And so you can see in the blood test like, “Okay, well, that enzyme definitely worked.” I also, over the last summer, invested in this metabolic tester because I’ve just become really curious about this issue of, can we change our underlying metabolic rate?

Cheryl McColgan: It’s not the Lumen, is it?

Metabolism and Stearic Acid, Croissant Diet

Brad Marshall: And I think we can. And I think that our… Everyone’s collective drop in body temperature over the last 100 years or so, or 150 years, shows that most of us are not good at doing this adaptive thermogenesis, as they call it. And so, anyway, so I took that oil for two months and I did notice a couple of things. Within about a week of taking it, I started getting body temperature reading backs that were like 98.6 or 98.4, or at least 98.1, which I’d never even… I was usually 97.2 in the weeks before I started taking it. So I quickly… My body temperature became normal in a week. So I was like, “Well, that’s cool.” And over about two weeks, my metabolic rate increased. So I had been… Before I started taking it, I was intentionally not supplementing any stearic acid. I was just doing what I call a… I was trying to be very regular. And I was eating toast and eggs with butter in the morning, and for dinner I was eating steak and a potato, and I was eating two or three meals a day. I wasn’t doing any fasting. I wasn’t doing any stearic acid supplementation. I was just trying to get a baseline of where my metabolic rate was if I wasn’t going out of my way to change anything, right?

Brad Marshall: And so at that point, my metabolic rate was 2200 calories a day, and that’s… I always did it about the same time of day, sitting on my couch, same spot, and it measures your heart rate, so same heart rate, trying to control all the variables. So I was getting consistently around 2200 calories a day. And then after I started taking the oil, within a few weeks, my metabolic rate actually went up to around 2500 to 2600 calories a day, and it stayed there. That was pretty consistent. And I was like, “That’s cool.” By inhibiting this enzyme and saturating my body fat, I definitely changed my basic metabolic rate. And I’m like, “That’s awesome.” But then the holidays came. Despite the higher metabolic rate, I managed to pack on a few pounds during the holidays while eating with my family. My whole family loves eating so we ate a lot.

[laughter]

Brad Marshall: And so then, anyways, the holidays go by. Okay, so it’s January second or third, or whatever. I went back to my… What I call my stearic acid macro-dosing diet, which is, basically, I’m trying to get all my… I’m trying to do… Get all my calories in one single big meal, and it’s a very high stearic acid-based meal, to try to… Because I knew that I had fixed my body fat and now I was like, “Okay, now let’s see what happens if I add to this,” the dietary stearic acid, which I think has its own separate effects from your stored body fats, and I think they’re probably synergistic, right? And so I do this big feast meal, and on my blog, if you look for the article Stearic Acid Macro-Dosing, you can see the kind of meal that I’m talking about. I do this big feast meal and then the next morning, my metabolic rate was at 2800 degrees. And I was like, “Cool, that’s the highest I’ve ever measured.” And then between the feast days I do a fast day, that’s the whole gambit of this. It’s like a weight loss diet, and it’s like you’re feasting every other day to keep your metabolic rate high, and then you fast to lose weight in between. And so, on the fasting day, my metabolic rate went up to 2900 degrees. And then on the third… And then that evening…

Brad Marshall: I might have the days slightly [0:26:23.5] ____. I had the big feast meal again, and the morning after the second big feast meal, my metabolic rate hit 3100 calories a day…

Cheryl McColgan: Wow.

Brad Marshall: Just sitting on my couch. So that was a 900-calorie difference. Since then, it kinda leveled back out around 2800 or 2900.

Cheryl McColgan: But still higher than your baseline.

Brad Marshall: So that’s 700 or 800 calories higher than my baseline, which is 5000 to 6000 calories a week. That’s like two whole days of food.

Cheryl McColgan: Yeah, that’s amazing.

Brad Marshall: And I’m not… I didn’t… I’m not exercising, I’m not… You know what I mean? I’m not doing anything other than fixing the fats that I’m eating or fixing my stored fat and my dietary fat, those are the two things that led to that change.

Cheryl McColgan: And I think that you mentioned that you now… That oil that you mentioned that inhibits this specific enzyme, you actually sell that now, is that right?

Brad Marshall: I am. Yes. And it’s been quite a process to actually have it imported and labeled and bottled, and I’m sort of way behind schedule, but it’s coming very, very soon.

Cheryl McColgan: Oh, shoot. I was gonna say I’m ordering it immediately, but it’s not available yet.

Brad Marshall: It should be in the next week or two.

Cheryl McColgan: Okay, awesome. I’m gonna be one of your first customers.

Brad Marshall: And I will… And I’ll put this caveat out there, I wanna tell people that it’s… So along with taking that oil, I did see increased inflammatory markers.

Cheryl McColgan: Oh, interesting.

Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species

Brad Marshall: Because you are… You’re literally playing with fire. Our basic body signalling works off of these reactive oxygen species, and most of us, if you’re healthy, our body has really good ways of… Well, it’s not that we have good ways of dealing with them, they’re actually how those reactive oxygen species are how cell signalling works in your cell. So if the mitochondria is making a bunch of reactive oxygen species, that’s a signal to the nucleus like, “Okay, something’s happening, we’re burning fat now.” And the nucleus makes proteins that deals with that reality. And if the nucleus doesn’t see a lot of reactive oxygen species being produced, it thinks, “Okay, we’re burning blood glucose now,” and it produces proteins to deal with that situation. So it’s not bad to make reactive oxygen species but, in my case in particular, since I’ve already eliminated all of the… Not all, but a substantial amount of the polyunsaturated fat that I did have, so my fat is already pretty unsaturated. And since I’m overweight, since I have extra fat, that means my body is making a lot of leptin, and leptin is also something that’s shuttling fat into the mitochondria.

Brad Marshall: It’s adding fuel to the fire. And then also, I blocked the enzyme, so now all of the fat that’s being rapidly shuttled into the mitochondria, because I have all this leptin, and because I’m eating these big stearic acid feast meals, it’s the maximum… My whole goal is maximum generation of these reactive oxygen species because that ultimately is what causes your mitochondria to uncouple, and that uncoupling is what increases your metabolic rate. So once that happens, once the mitochondria uncouple, then you have… You’re gonna generate a lot less reactive oxygen species after that. So the whole reason that your mitochondria are uncoupling in the first place is to get rid of the reactive oxygen species. Because what happens is, once they uncouple the… It’s like… It’s like de-pressurizing a balloon. It’s like you’re trying to pump up a balloon… You’re trying to blow air into a balloon and the balloon is really tight and it’s hard to blow air into it, and it’s… Uncoupling the mitochondria is like putting a couple of little prick holes on the balloon, and all of a sudden you can keep blowing air into it ’cause the air is just blowing out the other side, it’s fine. It’s like eliminating the pressure when you’re mitochondria uncouple.

Brad Marshall: So the end result… So you have to build up the reactive oxygen species in the first place so that this uncoupling event happens, which is the thing that increases your metabolic rate, but then the reactive oxygen species go back down, if that makes sense. That’s a lot of technical stuff.

Cheryl McColgan: No, so that’s where the inflammation is coming from, is when you’re in that process of building the reactive oxygen species before the uncoupling happens?

Brad Marshall: Exactly.

Cheryl McColgan: So you’re thinking though that that’s just a temporary rise due to this metabolic process.

Brad Marshall: Exactly. So my thinking is that you have to make this flip, and in the early stages of building up this flip, you’re gonna have some inflammation. But then, hopefully, once you get over the hump, you basically solve the first problem and the way that you’ve solved it is actually by increasing your metabolic rate. It’s like the increase in the metabolic rate is the thing that cures the inflammation in the first place, if that makes sense.

Cheryl McColgan: No, that’s pretty awesome. Actually, I wonder, and this might not really be related, but Dr. Fung has this idea that he talks about how, every once in a while, you’ll be in a long fast, and you’ll take your blood glucose and it’s high. And he’s explained it before that your body has over the years stored some of these toxins and sugar within the fat cells. And so once you start this process of releasing things from the fat cells, which sounds very similar to what you’re talking about, that you sometimes get these just weird things being released from your fat cells. So I’m wondering if, based on what you just said, if some of this process of uncoupling within the cells releases maybe the polyunsaturates, even though that they’re mostly unsaturated now. But maybe it’s releasing some of those… The body’s going around and finding those and trying to get rid of a few more, and maybe that creates some more inflammation or something.

Brad Marshall: Yeah, it could be. There’s another really interesting paper that I just posted about on my blog, which I love because I think it’s hilarious, but it probably makes some people a little uneasy. So article was…

Cheryl McColgan: Your blog or the research?

Brad Marshall: The article… This specific piece of research was about a strain of mice and they… So there’s something called Nrf2, and I’m not gonna get that deep into it, but it’s a primary regulator that prevents oxidative stress. And so in the mice, they removed their Nrf2 gene so that they were no longer able to deal with oxidative stress. So these mice absolutely are in an extended stage of oxidative stress, and so what do they do? They uncouple their mitochondria, their metabolic rate goes up, and they are protected from obesity because they have oxidative stress. So I actually think that, in a lot of ways, many of us are in a state of reductive stress, which is the opposite of oxidative stress, and I think reductive stress is the inability to create the biologically appropriate level of reactive oxygen species for the purposes of biological signalling and responding to the fact that we’re burning fat versus glucose. And so I… And I think there’s…

Brad Marshall: Oxidative stress is a wide-ranging concept, and I’m talking specifically about within certain intercellular components, just right around the mitochondria and signalling back and forth in the nucleus, that’s where you want it. If you have it in your other parts of the body, it can be a less good thing. And I think that if you reduce your… When you have oxidative stress, the first thing that gets oxidized, it leads to real bad things happening downstream is polyunsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats are very highly prone to oxidation. And so if you have a lot of them and then you have oxidative stress, they make these peroxides, these lipid peroxides, and those definitely lead to a lot of damage. And so I think about this all together, I’m like, “Well, I don’t want the bad kind of oxidative stress. I wanna eliminate vegetable oils, but I do want to generate free radicals, which is to say reactive oxygen species, in order to do what I consider to be appropriate biological signalling.”

Brad Marshall: So it’s a balancing act. You need to generate some for your metabolism to function efficiently, but you also want to protect from real oxidative damage by avoiding polyunsaturated fats. That’s where I fall down on it. So I’m okay with generating the free radicals because I’ve been very careful about not filling myself up with vegetable oil.

Cheryl McColgan: Right. No, that makes sense. So before we go… And I would say the biggest takeaway from that, if people don’t get into the geeky science like we do, is don’t eat polyunsaturated fats, the end.

Brad Marshall: Yes.

Cheryl McColgan: Polyunsaturated, bad, stearic acid, good.

Brad Marshall: Exactly.

Cheryl McColgan: It is interesting though to try to… You’ve had to go through all these iterations and experiments before you brought this all together in a way that people that are in just nutrition science or just oxidative stress science or whatever, they’re not thinking of it from sort of a whole body perspective and how it affects your weight, your energy, the ability of your mitochondria to couple or uncouple. I think that this is a unique area of interest that you’ve developed here. And probably the only one with the background to really understand it. But before we… I have two more things I wanna cover, and I wanna be respectful of your time, of course.

Brad Marshall: Sure.

Raising Low PUFA Pigs

Cheryl McColgan: The first one has to do with your farm, we haven’t even talked about your farm yet. And you’re doing some really cool things with your… Particularly your pork with their diet, based on this research that you learned, and I think it was basically that you were just finding that because of what they were eating when they were eating a lot of corn or polyunsaturated fats, their fat was ending up having that in it. And then we, in turn, we think we’re eating something healthy. We’re having some pork instead of our nightly steak on our keto diet, and meanwhile, we’re getting polyunsaturated fats by eating pork, which is crazy to me. So can you talk a little bit about how you’ve changed things in your farm to address that problem?

Brad Marshall: Right. And so I wanna clarify, I’m not the… I have a company called Firebrand Meats and we are selling Low-PUFA pork. I’ve actually, at this point, I’ve outsourced that to a farmer friend of mine, and now actually run on my farm, but this guy is a great… He’s actually, honestly, a much better pig farmer than I am. He’s a fifth generation pig farmer. He’s great and he’s… He thinks a lot like I do in a lot of ways, so he’s really clever about helping me design the right kind of feeds that I want, ’cause he has his own feed mill, and it’s a great operator and so… But, for a long time, I did run a farm and I ran a butcher shop. And so that gave me the advantage that I was seeing both ends. I was seeing what the animals are being fed, and then I was seeing how the meat came out in the butcher shop. And I knew that, traditionally, in Europe and in Northern Canada, they were known as having the best, firmest pork in the 1800s. American pork sold at a discount in European markets. People didn’t want the American pork because the fat was soft.

Brad Marshall: And the reason the fat was soft is that the American pigs were being fed corn, and corn is about five-ish percent corn oil, and the European and the Canadian pigs were being fed barley and peas. And barley and peas are only about two percent oil. And so that doesn’t sound like a huge difference, it’s only 3%, but what happens is the pig sort of bio-accumulate because they’re eating… ‘Cause they’re eating corn all day, everyday, that little difference in the amount of dietary fat builds up in their fat.

Brad Marshall: And so American pork traditionally was maybe 10% polyunsaturated fat and the European pork might have been half that. In recent decades, what we’ve done is we’ve switched to leaner breeds of hogs, the other white meat, if anyone remembers that from the ’90s. And we also have started doing… We make a lot of our corn crop into ethanol now, 30% or 40% of the American corn crop gets made into ethanol. And so the… When they make corn into ethanol, all the starch is removed to make the ethanol and that leaves behind the fat and the fiber and the protein. And so they take those things, called dried distillers grains, and they feed those to the pigs, and that actually concentrates the fat even more. So I’ve seen pigs… I’ve seen studies with pigs having 25% of their fat as polyunsaturated fat and that’s way more linoleic acid, which is the primary… That’s the Omega-6 polyunsaturated fat that people hear about. I’ve seen that as high as 23%-25%, which is more than canola oil. Canola oil is around 14% to 15%. And I think most American pork now has around 15%. I think, from the numbers I’ve seen that people have tested and sent to me, I think American pork is around 15% polyunsaturated fat, which is to say the same as canola oil.

Brad Marshall: And so… Anyways, what I noticed on the farm was, the less oil that I fed the pigs and the better the genetics that I used, the firmer the fat was. And so then once I finally did get a sample tested one time, and these were finished on basically on whole wheat, honestly, and pasture… Wheat is low in fat like barley is. And those pigs only had about 6% linoleic acid. And so that’s my goal, is to make fat in that 6% or less. I know we can do it. The first… And it takes them either… That we got a new program off the ground. The first batch I’m pretty happy with, but I know we can do better so we’re tinkering with the genetics and we’re trying some different things to really get that. We’re actually using… One of our main feeds that we’re using is pea flour, which is actually made in the Midwest. This is where my friend comes in. He’s… Knows how to get contracts on things like this.

Brad Marshall: So pea flour is like the traditional Canadian barley and pea-fed pigs except that they… The reason that there’s pea flour is they’re… They’re removing the pea protein to make things like the Impossible Burger, and then so they’re separating out the protein and the fat and basically the starchy part of it. And so we’re now able to buy just the pure starchy part of the peas that’s left over for making the Impossible Burger, and that’s what we’re feeding back to the Firebrand Meats pigs, and that basically doesn’t have any fat in it. So we’re able to make pigs that are given a diet that’s very, very low in fat, even lower than I was able to do on my farm here. So that’s the whole backstory on all of that crazy stuff.

Cheryl McColgan: Yeah. And you actually… I visited your website the other day and I was getting ready to go out of town, so I didn’t wanna order yet. But I think you have two… You can do a March and a May, or something like that right now.

Brad Marshall: Yeah. There’s… Probably the next boxes are gonna ship probably the late March, and then the next batch after that is a little bit to be determined. I’m hoping for May. It may slip into June. And then once… By the end of summer, I wanna have it so that we have stock regularly and you can just sign up and it’ll ship. And people can subscribe and get one a month, or just buy one and it’ll ship to them. But, for now, it’s still this… It’s very batch, they’re just batches.

Cheryl McColgan: Yeah. I got it. And I can’t wait to try that, by the way, ’cause I had been avoiding pork for the most part after learning about most of the stuff… Which, by the way, obviously we want people to be more into supporting local farmers and doing practices that are more regenerative… That word is always hard to say. Regenerative farming and…

Brad Marshall: There we go.

Cheryl McColgan: That sort of thing. But if they can’t find that in their area or they just can’t afford it, can you… A lot of pork… Say, like a pork chop is generally pretty lean. Is the fat still held within the muscle as well, or if they go for a very lean piece of pork, is that a little bit better?

Conventional Pork, PUFA is in the Fat

Brad Marshall: Right, yeah. So you can… If you get a boneless pork loin and trim the fat off of it, that’s a really low fat cut of meat, so you’re not getting a lot of fat from the pork and that’s fine. Or if you eat… The other thing, chickens, on average, have more polyunsaturated fat than pork does. So if you eat a whole roasted chicken with the skin and everything, you’re getting a lot of polyunsaturated fat. But if you eat a boneless, skinless chicken breast, you’re not. So I think eating really lean cuts, you can skirt the issue, but if you… What you really want is bacon or a nice breast of chicken, then you’ve gotta think a little harder.

Cheryl McColgan: No, that makes sense. But still at least people… And maybe part of the thing with their diet, they could do the lean chicken breast and then just cook it in stearic acid.

Brad Marshall: Well, that’s what I do sometimes is I’ll do a breaded chicken breast and I’ll fry it in my stearic acid butter oil.

Cheryl McColgan: Nice, like that idea. So the last thing that I have to ask you about before you go is that, you went to the French Culinary Institute and you make these croissants that you’ve been using for your diet, right?

Brad Marshall: Yes.

Cheryl McColgan: I had a very ill-fated attempt at croissants before, so I’m just curious if you have any plans, or maybe you’ve already done this and I just didn’t see it on your blog or anywhere, to, number one, share your high stearic acid croissant recipe, or do you have a tutorial that walks us through it?

Brad Marshall: Yeah. So it’s funny… So right now… I don’t know. So Dave Feldman… If you know who Dave Feldman is, he’s a…

Cheryl McColgan: Love Dave Feldman. And this for people that don’t know, he has a lot of work with cholesterol.

Brad Marshall: Right. And so Dave is a really interesting guy because he does all of these experiments on himself, and he’s an engineer and he is very rigorous about the experiments, and he collects tons and tons and tons of data. And so he has all this baseline data on his… Like everything, all of his blood numbers, he knows it going back years now, right. And so he’s actually gonna do a test of The Croissant Diet. So I just sent him some croissants and he tried them. And so we’re gonna… And the other good news is that I’m not… I went to culinary institute, I’m not a baker. So my croissants that I made in the experiment suck. They weren’t terrible, but they weren’t great.

Cheryl McColgan: So it sounds like we both might need to work on that a little bit.

Brad Marshall: Right. So… But… So I’ve enlisted a good friend of mine, who is a baker, on this mission, and so she’s actually baking the croissants for Dave. And so I worked with her, we did test batches, we picked the one we liked. And so I’m gonna try to get a video tutorial of her making croissants when we make the actual batch for Dave, and hopefully post that. So that’s my hope.

Cheryl McColgan: Awesome. Well, that addresses the… That addresses the question then, ’cause I would love to try it again, especially based on what I know now. Because the other thing that I did actually buy this in anticipation, not for croissants but maybe just a loaf of French bread. I know I just said bread on the Keto podcast here but… I know. But I, similarly to you, have thought about that issue with Italians and French eating in the way they eat, and yet they… Or for the most part, still a lot of them are much leaner than we are as Americans. And the other thing I think it has to do with is the flour. I just think our flour is so genetically modified, highly processed. It’s a really a different product than a lot of the things they get in Europe. ‘Cause I have been fortunate to travel to Europe quite a bit, and I’ve eaten things over there where I just feel fantastic, carby things even, and then you can’t really eat the same here. So I thought about doing this experiment with just making a loaf, of a baguette, of regular American flour bread, test my blood sugar with that, and then test it with… I bought some French flour that’s made from locally French wheat or whatever. And I haven’t done that yet, but I’ll let you know how that turns out.

Brad Marshall: That’d be really interesting. And I know there’s also some… I know there’s regions of Italy where they have special flours that are the ones that were grown there from time immemorial…

Cheryl McColgan: Yeah, like semolina, right. That…

Brad Marshall: Especially the semolina, although that’s not so good for baking French bread, probably.

Cheryl McColgan: No, I don’t think so either. Just for pasta, probably. But, yeah. Well, I just wanna thank you again, Brad, for taking the time to do this today and to share this with people. ‘Cause I think the stuff that you guys have been talking about, especially in relation to stearic acid, is just super interesting, and I’m just on the edge of my seat waiting to see you here, what the next experiment is, and what you guys are figuring out next. And then I try to just distill it down to a more normal person and try to pass that along to people. I’m not saying you’re not normal, you’re just…

Brad Marshall: It’s fine, I don’t take offense.

[laughter]

Cheryl McColgan: But, anyway, again, thank you so much for taking the time. And just where can people… What’s the easiest way to keep track of you? I know you’re a big Twitter person…

Brad Marshall: Sure.

Cheryl McColgan: I am not. But where else can they find you?

Brad Marshall: So yeah. So I’m on Twitter. I’m… Just the user’s “fireinabottle”. My blog, of course, is fireinabottle.net, and the Firebrand Meats blog… Or the Firebrand Meats website is firebrandmeats.com. There’s also a couple… There’s a Reddit sub-group that a lot of people use that talks about all of these same topics called it’s r/SaturatedFat.

Cheryl McColgan: Oh, nice.

Brad Marshall: So that’s been pretty popular. And I’m on Reddit as “fire_inabottle”, all one word, and I’m on Instagram as “fire_inabottle”, all one word, and on Facebook it’s… Again, it’s Fire In a Bottle. And there is a Croissant Diet Results discussion group that I should check more often but I’ve got a lot going on, so they’re kinda… But there’s… That’s also busy. People are posting over there and talking about it, and so that’s happening too.

Cheryl McColgan: Awesome. Well, again, thank you so much and I’ll be interested to reading your blog over the next year and see what else you figure out.

Brad Marshall: Excellent. Yeah, we’ll keep in touch.

Cheryl McColgan: Alright, sounds good.

Brad Marshall: And we’ll do it again.

Cheryl McColgan: Great. Thank you.

Brad Marshall: Alright, thanks. Bye-bye.