Pain is an individual and subjective experience. In today’s podcast, we explore techniques used to assess pain, non-pharmacological treatments for pain management, and common medications used to control pain—both before and after surgery. Pediatric surgeon Dr. Jonathan Kohler joins us in detailing risks associated with opioid pain medications, and why opiates like codeine and tramadol are never used to treat pain in children. We also discuss disparities in the administration of pain-controlling medication, and what can be done to ensure that biases do not interfere with the treatment of pain.