Dr. Codding and Dr. VanDerHeyden published an article titled ‘Belief-Based vs Evidence-Based Math Assessment and Instruction: What School Psychologists Need to Know to Improve Student Outcomes.  The article tacked some of the philosophical beliefs that have been instilled in educators and compares them to actual findings from quality educational research. This is part V of a 5-part series addressing conceptual understanding and procedural knowledge.