There aren’t many solar success stories from the Southeast, making Raleigh, NC, stand out in a region with low-cost electricity and modest sunshine. With just over 2 megawatts of solar on public property––providing close to 7% of municipal building peak demand––Raleigh’s solar success comes despite state rules preventing city from buying electricity from any non-utility entity.

In April 2015, John Farrell talked to Robert Hinson, renewable energy coordinator with the City of Raleigh, NC. In lieu of third-party power purchase agreements, Raleigh has pursued solar in three ways: by leasing space on public property to solar developers; owning solar and selling power to Duke Energy; and net metering a city-owned solar array.

Read more about Raleigh and other cities putting solar on their own property in Public Rooftop Revolution
A Twist on a Traditional Lease
The lease arrangement for Raleigh is a bit different than used elsewhere. Instead of the city leasing the solar array from a third party, the city leases the land for the solar array, and the solar developer sells power directly to the utility. The city’s economic benefit is from the lease payments.

Hinson says that the lease agreements allow the city the option to purchase the solar project at a reduced price after seven years, in which time the solar developer will have realized tax credits and depreciation. The city would assume the power purchase agreements and continue selling electricity to Duke Energy. The purchase price is favorable, as the contracts were signed in the early stages of Duke’s solar program.

However, Hinson says the city doesn’t yet know the purchase price and so it’s unclear how profitable it would be to buy the solar arrays on leased property.

The city has also purchased solar arrays to offset on-site energy use, using power purchase agreements or net metering. The city’s first foray into solar was a 53 kW solar array on its operations facility in 2009 to see “what were the issues” with going solar. In this case, the city sold the power to the utility via a power purchase agreement.

Another solar installation used net metering, but Hinson notes that net metering only works for relatively small systems. North Carolina’s net metering law only protects projects 100 kilowatts and smaller from utility standby charges. The city’s 75 kW array on its solid waste facility falls into that safe harbor. The project wasn’t necessarily done for the economics, but in part because the city wanted to achieve a LEED Platinum rating.

Expansion plans for solar on Raleigh municipal property will likely focus on small, net metered systems. The upside is better economics, but it also requires buildings with fairly significant on-site energy consumption. City staff will look carefully at “what the return on investment is.”

They have one interesting concept for expanding solar at their wastewater treatment facility. In addition to a ground-mounted array, they are considering floating solar panels on the treatment reservoirs. This “float-o-voltaic” system could produce electricity and, by blocking sunlight from the water, reduce algae growth.

Solar growth for the city has since slowed. When the North Carolina renewable portfolio standard was approved in 2007, the utilities (Progress and Duke Energy, before the latter took over the former) paid favorable rates to distributed solar generators. These incentives had investment groups and developers coming to Raleigh to site solar on city-owned land and rooftops. As “economy-of-scale” has taken over, the investment community has taken their dollars to larger solar installations and not municipal projects, says Hinson.
Overcoming Barriers
What barriers are there for city solar investment? Hinson says the biggest thing is the upfront cost and a failure to consider the retu...