“The Duty of Great Nations,” by Udo Keppler (1899). John Bull of Great Britain is encouraging a skeptical Uncle Sam to jump on the imperialism bandwagon with England. Soon, Uncle Sam would practice imperialism himself. In this last podcast of Unit 4,

Albert Einstein becomes an American citizen (October 1940) Between the 1889s and 1914, revolutionary changes occurred in our understanding of science, psychology and philosophy. For three centuries, people had believed that the world was a Newtonian wo...

Karl Marx, the principle author of the “Communist Manifesto” (1848) The theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, presented in the Communist Manifesto (1848), was yet another theory of progress so popular in the nineteenth century,

A very young Otto von Bismarck, the man who unified Germany Nationalism took a dark turn for the worse after 1848. Nations that came into existence after 1848–such as Germany and Italy–were unified by military monarchies adopting the strategies of stat...

Charles Darwin in 1870   Who was Charles Darwin, this Newton of the Nineteenth century? And what was his theory of the evolution of species by natural selection. How did it impact virtually every aspect of Western Civilization,

Louis Blanc, leader of the Paris proletarians in the Revolution of 1848 The Revolutions of 1848 in Paris, Berlin, Vienna and Rome were the last liberal national revolutions in Europe because they all failed,

Eugene Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People” (1830) In this podcast we look at the false hope that the French Revolution of 1830 put in the hearts of the liberal bourgeoisie (middle class).  “Hearts” is the correct word,

“Bobbin Boys” in the Depths of the Industrial Revolution Here we trace the reasons why the Industrial Revolution in its first place and time, 1750-1848 Great Britain was so unregulated and cruel.

Adam Smith, Author of “The Wealth of Nations” (1776) Between 1750 and 1840, Great Britain was alone in experiencing the first Industrial Revolution. In this podcast I discuss what every nation first has to possess in order to experience an Industrial R...

In this Introduction, we look at the definition and revolutionary consequences of the Industrial Revolution. We look particularly at its consequences in the areas of Transportation and Communication. This introductory podcast frames the four that follo...