In his book, In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel (New York University Press, 2014), Adam Rovner, Associate Professor of English and Jewish Literature at the University of Denver, explores the possibilities for Jewish homelands before the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. From Angola and Madagascar to southern Australia and Suriname, the unsuccessful attempts to create Jewish territories around the world show that the victory of Zionism was not inevitable.