Original air date: 16 August 2013 | During the nineteenth century, the increasing professionalization of medical practice led to the emergence of new institutions and laws governing legitimate use of medical knowledge. In the Ottoman Empire, the arrival of European medical schools and establishments led to tensions regarding the sovereignty of the empire over the medical realm in its own domains. This episode with Philippe Bourmaud follows the debates and conflicts over the establishment of the French medical school of Saint-Joseph in Beirut during the late Ottoman period and their meaning for own understanding of imperialism and colonialism in the Ottoman world. Philippe Bourmaud is an Assistant Professor of History at Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 University (see academia.edu) Sam Dolbee is a PhD candidate in the department of Middle East Studies at New York University Chris Gratien is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at Georgetown University (see academia.edu) Seçil Yılmaz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at City University of New York studying disease and medicine in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey (see academia.edu) Episode No. 118 Release date: 16 August 2013 Location: Kurtuluş, Istanbul Editing and production by Chris Gratien Bibliography courtesy of Philippe Bourmaud SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Betty S. ANDERSON, The American University of Beirut : Arab Nationalism and Liberal Education, University of Texas Press, 2011 Robert BLECHER, The Medicalization of Sovereignty: Medicine, Public Health, and ¨Political Authority in Syria, 1861-1936, PhD, Stanford University, 2002 Sylvia CHIFFOLEAU, Médecines et Médecins en Égypte: Construction d'une Identité Professionnelle et Projet Médical, L'Harmattan, 1997 Jean DUCRUET, Un Siècle de Coopération Franco-Libanaise au Service des Professions de Santé, Imprimerie Catholique, 1992 Chantal VERDEIL, « Naissance d'une Nouvelle Elite Ottomane. Formation et Trajectoires des Médecins Diplômés de Beyrouth à la Fin du XIXe Siècle », in Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 121-122, 04/2008, p. 217-237. Elise G. YOUNG, Gender and Nation Building in the Middle East. The Political Economy of Health from Mandate Palestine to Refugee Camps in Jordan, I.B. Tauris, 2012.