CardioNerds join Dr. Neel Patel, Dr. Victoria Odeleye, and Dr. Jay Ramsay from the University of Tennessee, Nashville, for a deep dive into cardiovascular medicine in the vibrant city of Nashville. They discuss the following case: A 57-year-old male with a history of prior cardiac surgery, hypertension, and polysubstance use presented with syncope and chest pain. Initial workup revealed a large saccular ascending aortic aneurysm. While under conservative management, he experienced acute hemodynamic collapse, leading to the discovery of an unprecedented aorto-right ventricular fistula. This episode examines the clinical presentation, diagnostic journey, and management challenges of this rare and complex aortic pathology, highlighting the role of multimodal imaging and the interplay of multifactorial risk factors. Expert commentary is provided by Dr. Andrew Zurick III. Episode audio was edited by CardioNerds Intern student Dr. Pacey Wetstein.  

“To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.” – Sir William Osler. CardioNerds thank the patients and their loved ones whose stories teach us the Art of Medicine and support our Mission to Democratize Cardiovascular Medicine.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

CardioNerds Case Reports Page
CardioNerds Episode Page
CardioNerds Academy
Cardionerds Healy Honor Roll

CardioNerds Journal Club
Subscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!
Check out CardioNerds SWAG!
Become a CardioNerds Patron!

Pearls Saccular Aneurysm Risk: Saccular aortic aneurysms, though less common than fusiform, carry a higher inherent rupture risk due to concentrated wall shear stress, often exacerbated by prior cardiac surgery, chronic hypertension, and polysubstance use.     Unprecedented Rupture: The direct rupture of an aortic aneurysm into a cardiac chamber, specifically the right ventricle, is an exceedingly rare event, with no prior reported cases in the literature, highlighting the unpredictable nature of complex aortic pathology.     Hemodynamic Catastrophe: A large aorto-right ventricular fistula creates a massive left-to-right shunt, leading to acute right ventricular pressure and volume overload, culminating in rapid cardiogenic shock and refractory right ventricular failure.     Multimodal Imaging Imperative: Multimodal imaging (CT angiography for anatomy, TTE/TEE for real-time hemodynamics and fistula detection, CMR for tissue characterization) is indispensable for rapid diagnosis and comprehensive characterization of life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.     High-Risk Intervention: Emergent surgical repair of a ruptured aortic aneurysm with an aorto-right ventricular fistula is a high-risk procedure associated with significant mortality, underscoring the need for prompt multidisciplinary care and realistic outcome expectations.     Notes –

Notes (drafted by Dr Neel Patel): 

What are the unique characteristics and rupture risk of saccular aortic aneurysms? 

• Saccular aortic aneurysms are less common than fusiform aneurysms.    

• They are generally considered more prone to rupture due to higher wall shear stress concentrated at the neck of the aneurysm, acting as a focal point of weakness.    

• Contributing Factors to Aneurysm Formation and Rupture in this Case: 

• Prior Cardiac Surgery: Aortic cannulation during the VSD/ASD repair decades ago likely created a localized structural weakness or predisposition.    

• Chronic, Poorly Controlled Hypertension: Imposed relentless systemic stress on the arterial walls, accelerating dilation and weakening.    

• Polysubstance Use: Particularly stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamines, which directly contribute to vascular damage by inducing severe, uncontrolled hypertension and direct arterial wall injury. This significantly increases the risk of aneurysm formation and rupture, especially with pre-existing conditions.    

• The direct rupture of an aortic aneurysm into a cardiac chamber, specifically the right ventricle, is an exceedingly rare event, with no prior reported cases in the literature, making this a “first of its kind” report.    

What are the hemodynamic consequences and management challenges associated with aorto-right ventricular fistulas? 

• Hemodynamic Impact: A large aorto-right ventricular fistula results in a significant anatomic left-to-right shunt, where blood from the high-pressure aorta is shunted directly into the lower-pressure right ventricle.    

• This leads to acute right ventricular pressure and volume overload, causing rapid right ventricular dilation, increased right ventricular wall stress, and ultimately, acute right ventricular failure.    

• This directly explained the sudden onset of cardiogenic shock, as the right ventricle was unable to maintain forward flow, leading to systemic hypoperfusion and shock.    

• Management Challenges: 

• The patient required emergent, extremely high-risk salvage aortic aneurysm repair surgery.    

• Marked hemodynamic instability occurred immediately after anesthesia induction (systolic blood pressure dropped to 50 mmHg), necessitating immediate initiation of external cardiopulmonary bypass.    

• Intra-operatively, a large (2 cm diameter) hole in the ascending aorta communicating with the saccular aneurysm was found, along with a massive (4-5 cm) fistula into the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) area, just proximal to the pulmonic valve, with several smaller holes.    

• Surgical repair involved a 5×10 cm bovine pericardial patch for the right ventricular wall and replacement of a 5 cm segment of the ascending aorta with a 34 mm gelweave straight graft.    

• Post-operative Course: Severely complicated by severe coagulopathy and extensive bleeding (requiring multiple blood products and a Cabral fistula).    

• Continued severe right ventricular dysfunction necessitated the placement of a Right Ventricular Assist Device (RVAD).    

• Despite support, hemodynamic function continued to decline, with severely depressed Left Ventricular (LV) function observed.    

• The patient ultimately passed away due to refractory right heart failure and hemodynamic collapse, highlighting the extremely high mortality risk associated with such complex, emergent cardiac surgical interventions.    

What is the role of multimodal imaging in diagnosing this complex and rare cardiovascular emergency? 

• CT Angiography: Crucial for initial identification and comprehensive characterization of the large saccular ascending aortic aneurysm, providing precise dimensions, revealing layered thrombus, and understanding anatomical relationships. Its high spatial resolution and wide field of view are excellent for aortic assessment.    

• Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography (TTE/TEE): Absolutely critical for real-time diagnosis of the fistula during acute deterioration. Bedside echocardiography, particularly TEE, allowed for visualization of the new continuous, turbulent flow from the aorta directly into the right ventricle, quantification of acute right ventricular dilation, and estimation of significantly increased RVSP. Its accessibility and real-time capabilities are unmatched for acute hemodynamic assessment and shunt detection.    

• Cardiac MRI (CMR): Provided additional tissue characterization of the aneurysm, confirming partial thrombosis and, importantly, showing no significant late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the myocardium, which was reassuring regarding the absence of significant myocardial scar related to the aneurysm itself. CMR offers superior soft tissue characterization compared to CT.    

• Complementary Nature: This case demonstrated the complementary nature of these modalities: CT provided the initial anatomical roadmap, echocardiography offered real-time hemodynamic assessment and immediate diagnosis of the acute rupture and shunt, and CMR contributed valuable tissue characterization. Imaging choices are guided by clinical questions, urgency, and specific information needed for critical management decisions.    

What are the multi-factorial risk factors contributing to complex aortic disease, including the often-overlooked impact of polysubstance use? 

• Prior Cardiac Surgery: The patient’s history of open-heart surgery decades prior, involving aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, is a recognized risk factor for the subsequent development of iatrogenic aneurysms, creating a localized structural weakness or predisposition.    

• Chronic, Poorly Controlled Hypertension: Imposes relentless systemic stress on the arterial walls, accelerating dilation and weakening, significantly contributing to aneurysm progression.    

• Polysubstance Use: 

• The patient’s long-standing history of polysubstance use, particularly stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamines, represents a significant contributing factor to his vascular pathology.    

• These substances are not merely comorbidities; they directly contribute to vascular damage.    

• Chronic stimulant use can induce severe, uncontrolled hypertension and direct arterial wall injury.    

• This significantly increases the risk of aneurysm formation and rupture, especially when combined with pre-existing conditions like essential hypertension and prior cardiac surgery.    

• Multi-hit Phenomenon: This case illustrates a multi-factorial pathology where various insults on vascular integrity over time converge to create a highly complex and catastrophic cardiovascular event. The presence of these factors emphasizes the critical importance of a thorough social history in cardiovascular risk assessment, moving beyond a superficial listing to understanding the profound pathophysiological impact on vascular health.    

References – Lavall D, Schäfers HJ, Böhm M, Laufs U. Aneurysms of the ascending aorta. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012 Mar;109(13):227-33. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0227. Epub 2012 Mar 30. PMID: 22532815; PMCID: PMC3334714.  Shang EK, Nathan DP, Boonn WW, Lys-Dobradin IA, Fairman RM, Woo EY, Wang GJ, Jackson BM. A modern experience with saccular aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Jan;57(1):84-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.002. Epub 2012 Nov 3. PMID: 23127980.  Brown PM, Zelt DT, Sobolev B. The risk of rupture in untreated aneurysms: the impact of size, gender, and expansion rate. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Feb;37(2):280-4. doi: 10.1067/mva.2003.119. PMID: 12563196.  Natsume K, Shiiya N, Takehara Y, Sugiyama M, Satoh H, Yamashita K, Washiyama N. Characterizing saccular aortic arch aneurysms from the geometry-flow dynamics relationship. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Jun;153(6):1413-1420.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.11.032. Epub 2016 Nov 22. PMID: 28027791.  Jeroen Walpot, Cees Klazen, Raymond Hokken, Jetze Sorgedrager, Martha Hoevenaar, Judith den Braber, Aorto-right ventricular fistula as an occasional finding, European Journal of Echocardiography, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 65–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2004.08.009  De Viti D, Santoro F, Raimondo P, Brunetti ND, Memmola C. Congenital Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistula Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension in an Old Female Patient. J Cardiovasc Echogr. 2018 Apr-Jun;28(2):141-142. doi: 10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_58_17. PMID: 29911015; PMCID: PMC5989549.  Konda MK, Kalavakunta JK, Pratt JW, Martin D, Gupta V. Aorto-right Ventricular Fistula Following Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Case Report and Literature Review. Heart Views. 2017 Oct-Dec;18(4):133-136. doi: 10.4103/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_115_16. PMID: 29326776; PMCID: PMC5755194.  Vainrib AF, Ibrahim H, Hisamoto K, Staniloae CS, Jilaihawi H, Benenstein RJ, Latson L, Williams MR, Saric M. Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistula Post-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Multimodality Imaging of Successful Percutaneous Closure. CASE (Phila). 2017 Apr 24;1(2):70-74. doi: 10.1016/j.case.2017.02.002. PMID: 30062248; PMCID: PMC6034486.  Walpot J, Klazen C, Hokken R, Sorgedrager J, Hoevenaar M, den Braber J. Aorto-right ventricular fistula as an occasional finding. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2005 Jan;6(1):65-6. doi: 10.1016/j.euje.2004.08.009. PMID: 15664555.  Ghuran A, Nolan J. The cardiac complications of recreational drug use. West J Med. 2000 Dec;173(6):412-5. doi: 10.1136/ewjm.173.6.412. PMID: 11112762; PMCID: PMC1071198.  Gagnon LR, Sadasivan C, Perera K, Oudit GY. Cardiac Complications of Common Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Management. Can J Cardiol. 2022 Sep;38(9):1331-1341. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.10.008. Epub 2021 Nov 1. PMID: 34737034.  Alabbady AM, Sattur S, Bauch TD, Harjai KJ. Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistula and Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Dec 18;1(5):859-864. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.11.025. PMID: 34316946; PMCID: PMC8288756.  Chia R, Kalutota C, Cao K, Douedi S, Chang W, Pinciotti D, Beizaeipour M, Joiner J, Ice D, Ross R, Kovach R, Chen C, Raza M. Management of Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistulas After TAVR. JACC Case Rep. 2024 Nov 6;29(21):102655. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.102655. PMID: 39619019; PMCID: PMC11602638.  Samuels LE, Kaufman MS, Rodriguez-Vega J, Morris RJ, Brockman SK. Diagnosis and management of traumatic aorto-right ventricular fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998 Jan;65(1):288-92. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01084-9. PMID: 9456147.  Case Media