The following question refers to Sections 7.4 and 7.5 of the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.

The question is asked by the Director of the CardioNerds Internship Dr. Akiva Rosenzveig, answered first by Vanderbilt AHFT cardiology fellow Dr. Jenna Skowronski, and then by expert faculty Dr. Randall Starling.

Dr. Yancy is Professor of Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Chief of Cardiology, and Vice Dean for Diversity and Inclusion at Northwestern University, and a member of the ACC/AHA Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

The Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 AHA / ACC / HFSA Guideline for The Management of Heart Failure series was developed by the CardioNerds and created in collaboration with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. It was created by 30 trainees spanning college through advanced fellowship under the leadership of CardioNerds Cofounders Dr. Amit Goyal and Dr. Dan Ambinder, with mentorship from Dr. Anu Lala, Dr. Robert Mentz, and Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. We thank Dr. Judy Bezanson and Dr. Elliott Antman for tremendous guidance.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

• 
  
• As heard in this episode, the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2024 is coming up November 16-18 in Chicago, Illinois at McCormick Place Convention Center. Come a day early for Pre-Sessions Symposia, Early Career content, QCOR programming and the International Symposium on November 15. It’s a special year you won’t want to miss for the premier event for advancements in cardiovascular science and medicine as AHA celebrates its 100th birthday. Registration is now open, secure your spot here!
  
• When registering, use code NERDS and if you’re among the first 20 to sign up, you’ll receive a free 1-year AHA Professional Membership!
  

Question #38

Mrs. M is a 65-year-old woman with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (LVEF 40%) and moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) presenting for outpatient follow-up. Despite improvement overall, she continues to experience dyspnea on exertion with two flights of stairs and occasional PND. She reports adherence with her medication regimen of sacubitril-valsartan 97-103mg twice daily, metoprolol succinate 200mg daily, spironolactone 25mg daily, empagliflozin 10mg daily, and furosemide 80mg daily. A transthoracic echocardiogram today shows an LVEF of 35%, an LVESD of 60 mm, severe MR with a regurgitant fraction of 60%, and an estimated right ventricular systolic pressure of 40 mmHg. Her EKG shows normal sinus rhythm at 65 bpm and a QRS complex width of 100 ms.

What is the most appropriate recommendation for management of her heart failure?

A

Continue maximally tolerated GDMT; no other changes

B

Refer for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)

C

Refer for transcatheter mitral valve intervention

Answer #38

Explanation

Choice C is correct. The 2020 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease outline specific recommendations.

In patients with chronic severe secondary MR related to LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) who have persistent symptoms (NYHA class II, III, or IV) while on optimal GDMT for HF (Stage D), M-TEER is reasonable in patients with appropriate anatomy as defined on TEE and with LVEF between 20% and 50%, LVESD ≤70 mm, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≤70 mmHg (Class 2a, LOE B-R).

Conversely, mitral valve surgery may have a role in the following contexts:

• 
  
• Severe secondary MR when CABG is planned (Class 2a, LOE B-NR)
  
• Chronic severe secondary MR related to atrial annular dilation with preserved LV systolic function (LVEF ≥50%) who have severe persistent symptoms (NYHA class III or IV) despite therapy for HF and therapy for associated AF or other comorbidities (Stage D) (Class 2b, LOE B-NR)
  
• Chronic severe secondary MR related to LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) who have persistent severe symptoms (NYHA class III or IV) while on optimal GDMT for HF (Stage D) (Class 2b, LOE B-NR).
  

Choice A is incorrect. GDMT has been shown to improve MR and LV dimensions in patients with HFrEF and secondary MR, and it is a Class 1 recommendation (LOE B-R) to optimize GDMT before any intervention for secondary MR related to LV dysfunction. This includes both medical GDMT and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) where appropriate. Our patient is still having symptoms despite being on the maximally tolerated doses of medical GDMT. This highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of valvular heart disease in patients with HF in accordance with clinical practice guidelines to prevent worsening of HF and adverse clinical outcomes (Class 1, LOE B-R). A cardiologist with expertise in the management of HF is integral in the shared decision-making for valve intervention and should guide optimization of GDMT to ensure that medical options for HF and secondary MR have been effectively applied for an appropriate time-period and exhausted before considering intervention.

Choice B is incorrect. While CRT has been shown to improve MR, LV dimensions, and outcomes in patients with HFrEF and secondary MR in appropriately selected patients, our patient would not be a candidate given that her QRS duration was < 120ms (Class 3: no benefit, LOE B-R).

Main Takeaway

In patients with severe secondary MR and reduced ejection fraction with persistent symptoms despite GDMT, M-TEER is reasonable in patients with appropriate anatomy as defined on TEE and with LVEF between 20% and 50%, LVESD ≤70 mm, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≤70 mmHg. Conversely, surgery may be appropriate for some patients. HF ad VHD should be managed in a multidisciplinary fashion. 

Guideline Loc.

Sections 7.4-7.5

Figure 10

Also: Section 7.3 from “Otto, C. M., Nishimura, R. A., Bonow, R. O., Carabello, B. A., rwin, J. P., Gentile, F., Jneid, H., Krieger, ric v., Mack, M., McLeod, C., O’Gara, P. T., Rigolin, V. H., Sundt, T. M., Thompson, A., & Toly, C. (2021). 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. In Circulation (Vol. 143, Issue 5, pp. E72–E227). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923”

Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 Heart Failure Guidelines Page
CardioNerds Episode Page
CardioNerds Academy
Cardionerds Healy Honor Roll

CardioNerds Journal Club
Subscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!
Check out CardioNerds SWAG!
Become a CardioNerds Patron!

Question #38

Mrs. M is a 65-year-old woman with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (LVEF 40%) and moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) presenting for outpatient follow-up. Despite improvement overall, she continues to experience dyspnea on exertion with two flights of stairs and occasional PND. She reports adherence with her medication regimen of sacubitril-valsartan 97-103mg twice daily, metoprolol succinate 200mg daily, spironolactone 25mg daily, empagliflozin 10mg daily, and furosemide 80mg daily. A transthoracic echocardiogram today shows an LVEF of 35%, an LVESD of 60 mm, severe MR with a regurgitant fraction of 60%, and an estimated right ventricular systolic pressure of 40 mmHg. Her EKG shows normal sinus rhythm at 65 bpm and a QRS complex width of 100 ms.

What is the most appropriate recommendation for management of her heart failure?

A

Continue maximally tolerated GDMT; no other changes

B

Refer for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)

C

Refer for transcatheter mitral valve intervention

Answer #38

Explanation

Choice C is correct. The 2020 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease outline specific recommendations.

In patients with chronic severe secondary MR related to LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) who have persistent symptoms (NYHA class II, III, or IV) while on optimal GDMT for HF (Stage D), M-TEER is reasonable in patients with appropriate anatomy as defined on TEE and with LVEF between 20% and 50%, LVESD ≤70 mm, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≤70 mmHg (Class 2a, LOE B-R).

Conversely, mitral valve surgery may have a role in the following contexts:

• 
  
• Severe secondary MR when CABG is planned (Class 2a, LOE B-NR)
  
• Chronic severe secondary MR related to atrial annular dilation with preserved LV systolic function (LVEF ≥50%) who have severe persistent symptoms (NYHA class III or IV) despite therapy for HF and therapy for associated AF or other comorbidities (Stage D) (Class 2b, LOE B-NR)
  
• Chronic severe secondary MR related to LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) who have persistent severe symptoms (NYHA class III or IV) while on optimal GDMT for HF (Stage D) (Class 2b, LOE B-NR).
  

Choice A is incorrect. GDMT has been shown to improve MR and LV dimensions in patients with HFrEF and secondary MR, and it is a Class 1 recommendation (LOE B-R) to optimize GDMT before any intervention for secondary MR related to LV dysfunction. This includes both medical GDMT and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) where appropriate. Our patient is still having symptoms despite being on the maximally tolerated doses of medical GDMT. This highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of valvular heart disease in patients with HF in accordance with clinical practice guidelines to prevent worsening of HF and adverse clinical outcomes (Class 1, LOE B-R). A cardiologist with expertise in the management of HF is integral in the shared decision-making for valve intervention and should guide optimization of GDMT to ensure that medical options for HF and secondary MR have been effectively applied for an appropriate time-period and exhausted before considering intervention.

Choice B is incorrect. While CRT has been shown to improve MR, LV dimensions, and outcomes in patients with HFrEF and secondary MR in appropriately selected patients, our patient would not be a candidate given that her QRS duration was < 120ms (Class 3: no benefit, LOE B-R).

Main Takeaway

In patients with severe secondary MR and reduced ejection fraction with persistent symptoms despite GDMT, M-TEER is reasonable in patients with appropriate anatomy as defined on TEE and with LVEF between 20% and 50%, LVESD ≤70 mm, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≤70 mmHg. Conversely, surgery may be appropriate for some patients. HF ad VHD should be managed in a multidisciplinary fashion. 

Guideline Loc.

Sections 7.4-7.5

Figure 10

Also: Section 7.3 from “Otto, C. M., Nishimura, R. A., Bonow, R. O., Carabello, B. A., rwin, J. P., Gentile, F., Jneid, H., Krieger, ric v., Mack, M., McLeod, C., O’Gara, P. T., Rigolin, V. H., Sundt, T. M., Thompson, A., & Toly, C. (2021). 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. In Circulation (Vol. 143, Issue 5, pp. E72–E227). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923”